European relapsing fever is a bacterial infection caused by spirochetes of the genus Borrelia, primarily transmitted through the bite of infected ticks. It is a recurring fever characterized by episodes of high fever, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. This infectious disease is predominantly found in Europe, particularly in central and eastern regions, where the ticks carrying the Borrelia bacteria are prevalent.
The primary vector responsible for transmitting the infection is the soft tick, Ornithodoros erraticus, which typically lives in the burrows or nests of small mammals such as rodents and birds. Humans can contract the disease when they come into contact with these infected ticks, often during outdoor activities in rural or forested areas.
The name "relapsing fever" is derived from the disease's characteristic pattern of symptoms, which involves recurring episodes of fever followed by periods of apparent recovery. Each episode may last several days and is usually accompanied by chills, sweats, joint pain, and occasionally, rash. The severity and duration of the illness can vary among individuals, and in some cases, progression to more severe complications such as meningitis can occur.
Prompt diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics, especially tetracycline or doxycycline, are essential to control the infection. Early detection can help prevent relapses and reduce the risk of complications. Prevention measures include avoiding tick-infested areas, using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, inspecting the body for ticks, and seeking medical advice if symptoms suggestive of European relapsing fever develop after a tick bite or exposure to tick-infested environments.
