Equine Infectious Anemia, commonly known as EIA, is a viral disease that affects horses, donkeys, and mules. It is caused by the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), a member of the lentivirus family. The virus primarily replicates in white blood cells, particularly the macrophages.
Equine Infectious Anemia is primarily transmitted through blood-to-blood contact, which can occur via biting flies or contaminated needles and equipment. Other possible modes of transmission include through the placenta, during birth, and through the consumption of infected milk.
The disease manifests in two forms: acute and chronic. Acute cases are characterized by fever, depression, anemia, and hemorrhages throughout the body, which can result in death within weeks. Chronic cases may not show obvious symptoms but can still serve as carriers of the virus, posing a risk to other equines.
In many countries, Equine Infectious Anemia is considered a notifiable disease with specific regulations imposed to control its spread. Diagnosis is typically conducted through laboratory tests, such as the Coggins test. Positive cases are subject to strict quarantine and management protocols, including permanent isolation or euthanasia to prevent the virus from spreading.
There is currently no specific treatment or vaccine available for equine infectious anemia. Prevention measures focus on implementing strict management practices, including avoiding sharing of needles or equipment, controlling biting flies, and regular testing to identify infected horses.
