Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is a rare but severe viral disease that affects both animals and humans. It is caused by the eastern equine encephalitis virus, a member of the Togaviridae family and Alphavirus genus. This virus is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes, commonly Culiseta melanura in the United States. EEE virus can also infect and replicate in birds, which serve as its reservoir hosts.
Once transmitted to a human host, the virus targets the central nervous system, leading to the inflammation and swelling of the brain, resulting in encephalitis. The incubation period can range from 4 to 10 days. Symptoms of EEE can vary, but often include fever, headache, malaise, muscle pain, and nausea. In severe cases, individuals may experience seizures, altered mental states, coma, or even death. Mortality rates can be as high as 30 to 70% among infected humans.
Since there is no specific treatment or cure for EEE, prevention is of utmost importance. This includes reducing exposure to mosquitoes, wearing protective clothing, and using insect repellents. Vaccines for horses are available and recommended, as horses are also susceptible to EEE infection. In areas where EEE is endemic, aerial spraying to reduce mosquito populations may be implemented.
Due to its potential for severe illness and long-term complications in humans, EEE is considered a public health concern. Prompt medical attention is crucial for affected individuals, as supportive care can help manage symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.
