Duane Retraction Syndrome is a rare congenital eye movement disorder characterized by abnormal eye movements, limited eye abduction (outward movement) and retraction of the affected eye on horizontal gaze. This condition is named after Alexander Duane, an ophthalmologist who first described it in 1905.
The primary characteristic of Duane Retraction Syndrome is co-contraction of the medial and lateral rectus muscles, the muscles responsible for horizontal eye movements. This results in restricted lateral gaze and inability to fully turn the affected eye outward. When attempting to move the eye laterally, retraction of the affected eye and narrowing of the palpebral fissure (the opening between the eyelids) may occur due to the abnormal muscle action.
Duane Retraction Syndrome usually affects only one eye, although it can affect both eyes in rare cases. It is typically present at birth, although it may not be diagnosed until later in childhood or adulthood. This condition may cause misalignment of the eyes (strabismus), amblyopia (lazy eye), or reduced vision, depending on the severity and type of involvement. Additionally, certain head positions or shifts in gaze direction may exacerbate the symptoms.
While the precise cause of Duane Retraction Syndrome remains unclear, it is believed to result from a developmental anomaly in the oculomotor nerve nucleus or the innervation of the eye muscles. Although it is not a progressive condition, lifelong management may be required to address misalignment, restore binocular vision, and optimize visual function. Treatment options may include prism glasses, eye muscle surgery, and vision therapy, depending on the individual's specific needs.
