A Deuter cell is an organelle found in certain cells of plants, particularly in the phloem tissue. It is a specialized companion cell located adjacent to sieve tube elements, playing a crucial role in the transportation of organic materials throughout the plant. The term "deuter cell" originates from the Greek word "deuteros," meaning "second," as it is believed to be the second type of companion cell present in plants, alongside the ordinary companion cell.
Deuter cells possess a distinct structure that distinguishes them from other plant cells. They consist of dense cytoplasm filled with numerous mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum, which provide the energy required for the transport of organic materials, mainly sucrose, through the sieve tubes. These cells are interconnected with sieve tube elements by numerous plasmodesmata, enabling the exchange of ions, proteins, and other substances between them.
The primary function of deuter cells is to support sieve tube elements and ensure the efficient and directional movement of organic compounds, mainly sugars, to various parts of the plant. They actively load sucrose into the sieve tubes, establishing a concentration gradient that facilitates its movement through the phloem. Deuter cells also regulate the flow of materials within the phloem by controlling the opening and closing of plasmodesmata, which allows them to respond to the needs of different plant organs.
In summary, deuter cells are specialized plant cells found in the phloem tissue that assist in the transport of organic molecules. They work in conjunction with sieve tube elements and play a pivotal role in maintaining an efficient and regulated flow of nutrients throughout the plant.
