Descriptivism is a linguistic theory that suggests language is not governed by strict rules, but rather observed by its usage. The IPA phonetic transcription of descriptivism is /dɪˈskrɪptəvɪzəm/. The first syllable "di" is pronounced like "die" + "d." The "s" sounds like "ss" and the "v" is like the "v" in "vine." The stress is on the second syllable, "scrp." The last syllable "ism" rhymes with "prism," and emphasizes on the "ism." Understanding the phonetic transcription can help in improving pronunciation skills.
Descriptivism refers to an approach or view in linguistics and language study that focuses on describing and analyzing how language is actually used by its speakers, rather than prescribing or advocating for how it should be used. Descriptivism emphasizes the observation and documentation of language as it naturally occurs, in both spoken and written forms, across different dialects, regions, social groups, and historical periods.
In contrast to prescriptivism, which presents guidelines and rules for "proper" language usage, descriptivism seeks to understand language as a dynamic, evolving system that reflects the social, cultural, and individual characteristics of its users. Descriptivists conduct research and analysis of actual language data, such as written texts, recordings, and surveys, to explore patterns of phonetics, grammar, vocabulary, and semantics.
Descriptivism acknowledges that language use varies widely among speakers and is subject to change over time, influenced by factors such as geographical location, education, age, social class, and personal identity. This approach recognizes and values linguistic diversity, viewing it as a reflection of the richness and complexity of human communication.
By examining language in a descriptive manner, linguists and language scholars aim to deepen our understanding of how languages function, the rules that govern them, and the ways in which they are shaped by human interaction. Descriptivism serves as a crucial tool for studying and analyzing language phenomena objectively, without imposing rigid norms or judgments about correctness.
The word "descriptivism" is derived from the root word "description" combined with the suffix "-ism".
The word "description" derives from the Latin word "descriptio", which means "a representation in writing". It is derived from the verb "describere", meaning "to write down". "Describere" is a combination of "de-" (meaning "down") and "scribere" (meaning "to write").
The suffix "-ism" is derived from the Ancient Greek suffix "-ismos", which used to form nouns from verbs. It indicates a practice, doctrine, belief, or characteristic. "-ismos" itself is derived from the verb "-izein", which means "to do, to perform".
Therefore, "descriptivism" literally means the practice, doctrine, or belief of "description" or "writing down".