Deixis (/ˈdaɪksɪs/) refers to a linguistic concept where the interpretation of certain words depends on the context in which they are spoken. The spelling of this word can be explained using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The "d" is pronounced as the voiced alveolar stop /d/, the "e" as the mid-front vowel /ɛ/, the "i" as the high-front vowel /i/. The "x" is pronounced as the voiceless velar fricative /x/, followed by the sound of the voiced alveolar fricative /z/ and finally, the "i" again pronounced as the high-front vowel /i/.
Deixis refers to a linguistic and pragmatic phenomenon that involves using specific words, such as pronouns, adverbs, and demonstratives, to refer to elements in the context of a particular utterance or discourse. It encompasses the process of pointing or indicating something through language in relation to the speaker, the hearer, or the current situation. The term derives from the Greek word "deiknynai," meaning "to show" or "to point out."
In deixis, the meaning of certain words is dependent on the context in which they are used. For example, the pronoun "I" refers to the speaker, while the pronoun "you" refers to the hearer. Similarly, adverbs like "here" and "there" vary in meaning depending on the spatial and temporal contexts.
Deictic expressions not only rely on the immediate context but also the shared knowledge between the speaker and the listener. This means that these expressions can be ambiguous or even meaningless when taken out of context. For instance, the phrase "over there" might have different referents depending on the specific location it is uttered in.
Deixis is essential in communication as it allows speakers to convey information effectively by referencing specific persons, places, and times. It allows for shared understanding and efficient communication between interlocutors, as it incorporates elements of both language and context.
The word "deixis" is derived from the Greek word "deixis" (δείξις), which means "pointing" or "showing". It comes from the verb "deiknῡ̑mi" (δείκνυμι), meaning "to show" or "to indicate". The term was first introduced in linguistics by the German philosopher and linguist Karl Bühler in the early 20th century to refer to the linguistic phenomenon of words or phrases that require contextual information to determine their meaning.