Contrast media extravasation refers to the unintended leakage or escape of contrast media from the blood vessel into the surrounding tissues during medical imaging procedures. Contrast media are substances that are injected into the bloodstream to enhance the visibility of organs, blood vessels, or other structures during diagnostic imaging tests such as computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), angiograms, or X-rays. These contrast media contain iodine or gadolinium, which have high radiopacity, making them highly visible on imaging studies.
Extravasation can occur if there is improper administration technique, inadequate monitoring, or a patient's underlying medical conditions. The leakage can be caused by various factors, such as the use of high-pressure injection, incorrect needle placement, fragile or damaged blood vessels, or impaired venous return. This extravasated contrast material can cause local tissue damage, leading to immediate or delayed complications.
The signs and symptoms of contrast media extravasation may vary depending on the severity and the specific agent used. Mild extravasations may only cause local discomfort, swelling, or a warm sensation. However, severe extravasations can result in pain, blistering, skin necrosis, compartment syndrome, or long-term scarring.
Prompt recognition and management of contrast media extravasation is crucial to minimize potential complications. Treatment approaches may involve stopping the injection, removing the needle or catheter, applying cold or warm compresses, elevating the affected extremity, administering antidotes if available, or in severe cases, considering surgical interventions or skin grafting.
Healthcare providers should be knowledgeable about the prevention, early detection, and proper management of contrast media extravasation to minimize patient harm and ensure safe and accurate imaging procedures.
