The Clark Standard Cell is a device used in electrochemistry to generate a stable electrochemical potential. It is named after its inventor, Sir Josiah Clark Nernst. The spelling of the word "Clark" is pronounced as /klɑːk/ using IPA phonetic transcription. The "a" sound is pronounced as the "a" in "father." The "r" sound is pronounced as a non-retroflex "r" where the back of the tongue is raised but not curled back. The "l" sound is pronounced as a non-velarized "l" where the tongue tip touches behind the upper teeth.
The Clark standard cell is a primary standard for measuring voltage or electromotive force (EMF) in electrical circuits. It is named after Josiah Latimer Clark, a renowned British engineer and physicist who developed this device in the mid-19th century.
The Clark standard cell consists of a H-shaped vessel made of glass that contains a zinc amalgam (zinc mixed with mercury) electrode immersed in a solution of zinc sulfate. Separating this electrode from the solution is a porous clay pot that allows for ion exchange between the two compartments of the cell. Inside the clay pot, there is a platinum plate electrode immersed in a saturated solution of mercurous sulfate. The two solutions are interconnected via a salt bridge.
When the Clark standard cell is connected to a circuit, a voltage is produced as a result of a chemical reaction between the zinc amalgam electrode and the sulfate solution. This voltage remains constant over time and is used as a reference point to measure other voltages.
The Clark standard cell offers high stability, accuracy, and repeatability in voltage measurements, making it an essential tool in calibration laboratories and for establishing voltage scales. It has been widely used in scientific research, education, and metrology for over a century. However, due to potential health and environmental risks associated with mercury, alternative primary standards have been employed in recent years.