Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic fungal infection that primarily affects the skin and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by several different species of fungi, most commonly Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Cladophialophora carrionii, and Phialophora verrucosa.
The infection typically occurs in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in rural areas where individuals are exposed to organic matter in the soil and plants. It commonly affects people who have had occupational or recreational activities that expose them to contaminated environments.
Chromoblastomycosis usually begins with the invasion of the fungi through a traumatic injury to the skin, such as a cut or scratch. As the infection progresses, small papules or nodules develop, which gradually enlarge and take on a warty or verrucous appearance. The lesions are often hyperpigmented and may present with crusting, ulceration, and swelling. They predominantly occur on the lower extremities, although other body areas can also be affected.
Diagnosis of chromoblastomycosis is made by a combination of clinical findings, microscopic examination of skin scrapings or biopsies, and fungal culture. The microscopic examination typically reveals spherical structures known as chromoblasts within the tissues, which represent the fungal cells.
Treatment options for chromoblastomycosis include antifungal medications, such as itraconazole, terbinafine, or fluconazole, which are administered orally over a prolonged period. In some cases, surgical excision or cryotherapy may be necessary to remove stubborn or extensive lesions. Due to the chronic nature of the infection, treatment may need to be continued for months or even years to achieve a complete cure.
In summary, chromoblastomycosis is a
