Cholesterol embolism, also known as atheroembolism or purple toes syndrome, is a medical condition characterized by the release of cholesterol-containing plaque from large blood vessels, which then travel and block small blood vessels in various organs of the body. This condition usually occurs as a complication of atherosclerosis, a condition in which cholesterol and fatty substances accumulate inside the arteries.
When the integrity of the blood vessel wall is compromised, such as during invasive surgical procedures or trauma, the cholesterol plaque can dislodge and travel through the bloodstream, leading to cholesterol embolism. The released emboli can obstruct the blood flow to vital organs, resulting in tissue damage and inflammation.
The most commonly affected organs by cholesterol embolism are the kidneys, but it can also affect the skin, eyes, brain, gastrointestinal tract, and muscles. Symptoms will vary depending on the location of the embolism, but commonly include skin discoloration, livedo reticularis (a mottled purplish skin pattern), acute renal failure, abdominal pain, stroke-like symptoms, and muscle pain.
Diagnosing cholesterol embolism is often challenging as it can mimic various other conditions. However, some diagnostic modalities, such as skin biopsy, angiography, Doppler ultrasound, and laboratory tests, including blood creatinine levels, can help establish the diagnosis.
Treatment for cholesterol embolism is primarily supportive and aims to manage symptoms and prevent further complications. Medications such as corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and prevent further blockage. Additionally, measures to control blood pressure, prevent infection, and provide appropriate organ support (like dialysis for kidney failure) may be necessary.
In conclusion, cholesterol embolism refers to the blockage of small blood vessels by cholesterol
