Cheyne-Stokes respiration, also known as periodic breathing, is a distinctive breathing pattern characterized by alternating periods of deep, rapid breathing followed by shallow, or even no, breathing for a short period of time. This abnormal respiratory pattern is typically associated with various medical conditions affecting the brainstem, such as heart failure, stroke, brain injury or tumors, and central sleep apnea.
During Cheyne-Stokes respiration, the breathing cycle gradually increases in depth and frequency until it reaches its peak, followed by a progressive decline, ultimately leading to apnea or a pause in breathing for a few seconds to a minute. The cycle then repeats itself.
This irregular breathing pattern occurs due to alterations in the regulation of breathing control mechanisms in the brain. It is believed to result from a compromised feedback loop between blood gas levels, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), and the respiratory centers in the brainstem responsible for controlling breathing.
Common symptoms associated with Cheyne-Stokes respiration include excessive daytime sleepiness, fatigue, insomnia, and even recurrent awakenings during sleep. It may also be characterized by episodes of labored breathing, chest discomfort, or feelings of suffocation. When Cheyne-Stokes respiration is observed, prompt evaluation and treatment of the underlying condition are necessary to alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life, and prevent potential complications.
