Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. It is primarily transmitted to humans through triatomine insects, commonly known as kissing bugs, found widely in the Americas. However, Chagas disease can also be acquired through blood transfusion, organ transplantation, congenital transmission, and even through ingestion of contaminated food or beverages.
Upon infection, the parasite enters the bloodstream and invades various tissues, particularly affecting the heart, digestive system, and nervous system. Chagas disease has two phases: acute and chronic. The acute phase is usually characterized by mild symptoms or none at all, making it often undetected. However, if recognized, symptoms may include fever, fatigue, body aches, and swelling at the infection site.
If left untreated, the disease progresses to the chronic phase, which may manifest after several years or even decades. During this phase, severe cardiac complications can arise, including enlargement of the heart, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Additionally, the digestive system may be affected, leading to issues such as difficulty swallowing, constipation, and an enlarged esophagus or colon.
Chagas disease is a major public health problem in many countries of Latin America, where it is endemic. However, due to increased global migration, it has become a concern in non-endemic regions as well. Diagnosis of Chagas disease often involves laboratory tests to detect the parasite or its antibodies. While medication can be effective, early detection and treatment are crucial for better outcomes and to prevent long-term complications associated with Chagas disease.
