Cartilage is a firm, flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the human and animal body. It is composed of cells called chondrocytes that reside within a matrix of collagen fibers and proteoglycans. This specialized tissue provides structure, support, and cushioning to different organs and structures, such as the nose, ears, trachea, and intervertebral discs.
Cartilage is characterized by its smooth, white appearance and its ability to withstand and distribute forces. It is more flexible than bone yet more rigid than other soft tissues. Due to its avascular nature, nutrients and oxygen are obtained through diffusion from surrounding tissues. This slow blood supply contributes to its slow healing and limited regenerative abilities.
There are three main types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type, found in the rib cage, respiratory tract, and the articulating surfaces of joints. Elastic cartilage contains more elastic fibers, providing greater flexibility, and is present in the ear and epiglottis. Fibrocartilage, on the other hand, has dense collagen fibers, making it extremely strong and found in structures such as the intervertebral discs and the menisci of the knee.
Despite its resilience, cartilage can be prone to different conditions and injuries, including osteoarthritis, chondromalacia, and tears. Treatment options for cartilage-related ailments vary depending on the severity and location of the problem, and may include physical therapy, medication, and surgical interventions like arthroscopy or joint replacement.
