Capillary leak syndromes refer to a group of rare medical conditions characterized by the abnormal leakage of fluid and proteins from blood vessels into surrounding tissues. These syndromes result from an increased permeability of capillaries, the smallest blood vessels responsible for exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and tissues.
During capillary leak syndromes, the capillaries become leaky, allowing for fluid, proteins, and other molecules to escape into the tissues. This leakage can lead to a decrease in blood volume and circulating proteins, which may result in various symptoms and complications. Common symptoms include sudden and severe swelling, weight gain, low blood pressure, and sometimes difficulty breathing. In severe cases, widespread leakage can cause multiple organ dysfunction, leading to potentially life-threatening situations.
Capillary leak syndromes can be categorized into several types, including idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome (Clarkson's disease), exercise-induced capillary leak syndrome, and systemic inflammatory capillary leak syndrome (Kounis syndrome), among others. Causes of these syndromes are largely unknown, although some cases have been associated with infections, immune system abnormalities, or certain medications.
Management of capillary leak syndromes involves identifying and treating the underlying cause, if known, as well as supportive care to address the associated symptoms. This may include using intravenous fluids, medications to stabilize blood pressure, and close monitoring of organ function. Further research is ongoing to better understand the mechanisms and develop more targeted therapies for capillary leak syndromes.
