Borna disease virus (BDV) is a member of the family Bornaviridae, which are enveloped viruses with a non-segmented, single-stranded RNA genome. It is the causative agent of Borna disease, a neurological disorder primarily affecting horses, sheep, and other domestic and wild animals. The virus is named after the town of Borna in Saxony, Germany, where the first outbreak was identified in the 18th century.
BDV is primarily transmitted horizontally, through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, although vertical transmission from mother to offspring can also occur. The virus infects the central nervous system, leading to a wide range of symptoms including behavioral changes, paralysis, and death in severe cases. In horses, Borna disease is often characterized by abnormal behavior such as aggression, depression, or hyperactivity.
Although Borna disease primarily affects animals, there have been rare cases of human infection. In humans, the virus is hypothesized to cause a chronic, progressive neurological disorder known as Borna disease virus encephalitis (BDVE). However, the exact mechanisms of transmission and pathogenesis in humans are still not fully understood.
Current diagnostic methods for BDV rely on molecular techniques such as PCR or immunohistochemistry, as well as testing for the presence of specific antibodies. There is currently no specific treatment or vaccine available for Borna disease in animals or humans, and prevention focuses on animal quarantine and strict biosecurity measures to limit transmission. Research continues to investigate the biology, epidemiology, and potential zoonotic aspects of the Borna disease virus.
