Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever (BHF) is a severe viral disease primarily found in Bolivia, caused by the Machupo virus (family Arenaviridae). This infectious disease is characterized by a high fever, severe hemorrhagic manifestations, and often results in a high fatality rate. BHF is transmitted to humans through contact with infected rodents, specifically the short-tailed cane mouse (Calomys callosus), which serves as a common reservoir for the virus.
The incubation period of BHF ranges from 4 to 21 days. Initial symptoms include fever, headaches, muscle pain, and general malaise. As the disease progresses, patients may experience facial flushing, petechiae (small red or purple spots on the skin caused by bleeding), and bleeding from various body sites, such as the gums, nose, or gastrointestinal tract. Other symptoms can include joint pain, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
BHF can lead to severe complications, including organ failure, shock, and death. The fatality rate for BHF varies but can reach up to 30% in some outbreaks. There is currently no specific antiviral treatment available for BHF, with supportive care being the mainstay of management.
Prevention methods include rodent control measures, such as eliminating their habitat and avoiding direct contact with these animals. In endemic regions, individuals are advised to use protective clothing, such as gloves and masks, when handling rodents or their excretions. Prompt isolation of infected individuals is crucial to prevent further spread of the disease.
