Besnoitiosis is a parasitic disease that primarily affects mammals, including livestock such as cattle, sheep, and goats. It is caused by the protozoan parasite of the genus Besnoitia. The term "besnoitioses" is often used to refer to infections caused by any species of Besnoitia.
The parasites responsible for besnoitiosis invade the tissues of the infected animal, causing various clinical signs and lesions. The most common routes of transmission are through direct contact with infected animals or ingestion of contaminated feed or water. The disease can also be transmitted by biting flies or ticks, which act as mechanical vectors.
Clinical manifestations of besnoitiosis primarily involve skin lesions, such as dermatitis, nodules, and ulcers. The parasites can also affect other organs, including the eyes, respiratory tract, and reproductive organs. Infected animals may exhibit weight loss, decreased productivity, fever, and respiratory distress. In severe cases, besnoitiosis can lead to debilitation, secondary infections, and even death.
Diagnosis of besnoitiosis involves the identification of characteristic lesions, histopathological examination, and the detection of the parasite through specialized tests like PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or serological methods. Treatment options are limited, and no highly effective vaccines are currently available.
Besnoitiosis is considered an important veterinary disease due to its significant economic impact on livestock production. Control measures usually involve quarantine and culling of infected animals, as well as implementing preventive measures like vector control, good hygiene practices, and biosecurity measures to limit transmission.
