Benign Intracranial Hypertension (BIH), also referred to as idiopathic intracranial hypertension or pseudotumor cerebri, is a neurological condition characterized by increased pressure inside the skull without the presence of a brain tumor. It primarily affects women of childbearing age.
In BIH, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that surrounds the brain and spinal cord does not properly drain, leading to a buildup of pressure within the skull. The exact cause of BIH is unknown, but it is believed to be associated with factors such as obesity, hormonal imbalance, certain medications, and certain medical conditions like sleep apnea.
Common symptoms of BIH include severe headaches, often described as pulsatile or throbbing in nature, visual disturbances such as blurred or double vision, temporary blindness, and eye pain. Other symptoms may include ringing in the ears (tinnitus), neck and shoulder pain, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness.
Diagnosis of BIH involves conducting a thorough medical history review, physical examination, and various tests, including a complete eye examination to assess optic nerve swelling. Imaging studies like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans may be performed to rule out other potential causes.
Treatment for BIH focuses on relieving symptoms and reducing intracranial pressure. This may involve weight loss, dietary and lifestyle modifications, the use of diuretics, and sometimes medication to decrease CSF production. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to implant a shunt to divert excess CSF.
Early detection and management of BIH are crucial to prevent potential vision loss and to alleviate symptoms that can significantly impact a person's quality of life.
