Barbitals refer to a class of sedative-hypnotic drugs that are chemically derived from barbituric acid. These substances act as central nervous system (CNS) depressants, meaning they have a calming and sleep-inducing effect on the brain. Barbitals work by enhancing the effects of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which has inhibitory properties in the CNS. This increases the inhibitory actions of GABA, thereby reducing the excitability of neurons and producing sedative, hypnotic, and anesthetic effects.
Barbitals are commonly used to treat insomnia, anxiety, and seizure disorders, as well as for inducing anesthesia before surgical procedures. They were once widely prescribed as sleep aids and tranquillizers, but their use has declined due to the development of safer alternatives with fewer side effects.
Common examples of barbitals include phenobarbital, pentobarbital, and secobarbital. These drugs come in various forms, such as tablets, capsules, and injectable solutions. However, they are classified as controlled substances due to their potential for abuse and the risk of dependence.
When used improperly or in excessive doses, barbitals can lead to various side effects and complications, including drowsiness, respiratory depression, impaired coordination, memory problems, and even coma or death in severe cases. Therefore, it is crucial to use barbitals under the guidance of a healthcare professional and strictly follow prescribed dosages to minimize the risks associated with their use.
