Bacillus tuberculosis avium, also known as Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is a bacterium of the Mycobacterium genus. It is a slow-growing, acid-fast bacterium that belongs to the group of mycobacteria, which also includes the causative agent of tuberculosis in humans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Bacillus tuberculosis avium is specifically associated with causing Johne's disease, also known as paratuberculosis, primarily in ruminant animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats. This chronic and contagious disease primarily affects the small intestine, leading to weight loss, diarrhea, reduced milk production, and eventually death in severe cases.
The bacterium is highly resistant to environmental stressors, making it challenging to control and eradicate. It can survive and persist in the environment for extended periods, allowing transmission to occur through oral ingestion of contaminated feed or water, as well as contact with infected animals or their feces.
In human health, there is an ongoing debate regarding the potential links between Bacillus tuberculosis avium and Crohn's disease, a chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting the mucosal lining of the digestive tract. Some studies suggest a possible association, although the exact nature of the relationship and the mechanisms involved remain unclear.
Efforts to prevent and control Bacillus tuberculosis avium primarily involve strict biosecurity measures, including proper hygiene practices, segregation of infected animals, and culling of affected individuals to prevent further spread. Additionally, testing and screening programs are essential for early detection and control within affected populations.
