Avian tuberculosis, also known as avian mycobacteriosis or avian tuberculosis complex, is a bacterial disease caused by the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) that primarily affects birds. It is a contagious and potentially fatal disease that can affect various bird species, including domestic poultry, wild birds, and captive or pet birds.
Avian tuberculosis is characterized by the formation of granulomas (small, localized nodules) in various organs of the infected bird's body. These nodules usually develop in the liver, spleen, intestines, lungs, and occasionally in other tissues. The granulomas are essentially composed of inflammatory cells that accumulate around the MAC bacteria.
The transmission of avian tuberculosis can occur through direct contact with infected birds, ingestion of contaminated food or water, or inhalation of bacteria in contaminated dust particles. Birds may carry the bacteria without showing any clinical signs, acting as potential carriers and spreading the disease to other vulnerable birds.
Symptoms of avian tuberculosis can vary depending on the organs affected but commonly include weight loss, reduced appetite, lethargy, respiratory distress, diarrhea, and poor egg production in laying hens. Affected birds may also exhibit lameness, enlarged liver or spleen, and depression.
Diagnosis of avian tuberculosis involves laboratory tests, such as bacterial culture and histopathology examination of tissue samples, to confirm the presence of MAC bacteria and granulomas. Treatment options are limited, as avian tuberculosis is often resistant to many antibiotics, and infected birds are generally culled to prevent further spread of the disease.
Prevention of avian tuberculosis mainly involves strict biosecurity measures, proper sanitation, and routine testing or screening programs in poultry farms, aviaries, or other bird-rearing facilities. Additionally, practicing good hygiene and
