Atrial septal defects (ASDs) are congenital heart abnormalities characterized by an abnormal opening in the septum, or wall, that separates the right and left atria of the heart. This defect allows blood to flow directly between these two chambers, which are normally functionally separated.
ASDs occur when the septum fails to fully develop during fetal development, leading to a hole or opening in the tissue. This anomaly can range in size and location on the septum, resulting in varying degrees of blood turbulence or shunting between the atria.
Individuals with atrial septal defects may experience few or no symptoms, especially if the defect is small, which is often discovered incidentally during routine medical examinations. However, larger defects can cause symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations, or recurrent respiratory infections. If left untreated, ASDs can lead to complications, including an enlarged right atrium and ventricle, pulmonary hypertension, atrial arrhythmias, or stroke.
Diagnosis of atrial septal defects usually involves a physical examination, along with imaging tests like echocardiography, which allows visualization of the heart structure and can help determine the size and location of the defect. Treatment options depend on the size and severity of the defect, and can range from conservative management and watchful waiting to surgical repair or catheter-based interventions.
In summary, atrial septal defects refer to congenital heart abnormalities characterized by an abnormal opening in the septum between the right and left atria, which can result in abnormal blood flow and potentially lead to complications if left untreated.
