ATP citrate lyase (ACL) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in various metabolic pathways within the human body. It is responsible for the synthesis of cytosolic acetyl-CoA, which serves as a central building block for various vital cellular processes.
ATP citrate lyase catalyzes the reaction that converts citrate and coenzyme A (CoA) into oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA in the presence of ATP. This process releases energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and provides acetyl-CoA, a key substrate in fatty acid synthesis and cholesterol biosynthesis.
The enzyme is found predominantly in the cytoplasm of liver and adipose tissue cells, where it plays a pivotal role in fatty acid metabolism. The acetyl-CoA produced by ATP citrate lyase acts as a precursor for the synthesis of fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesterol. These compounds are essential for maintaining cell integrity, energy storage, hormone regulation, and many other biological functions.
ATP citrate lyase also contributes to cellular energy homeostasis by regulating the balance between glucose metabolism and lipid storage. It influences the production of malonyl-CoA, a key regulator of fatty acid oxidation. Through these mechanisms, ATP citrate lyase influences important physiological processes, such as lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and lipid metabolism.
Pharmaceutical inhibitors of ATP citrate lyase are being developed and studied as potential treatments for metabolic disorders, including obesity and dyslipidemia. By targeting this enzyme, it is hoped that these inhibitors can modulate lipid synthesis and restore metabolic balance, offering therapeutic benefits in managing various metabolic disorders.
