Atelectasis is a medical term that refers to the partial or complete collapse of the lung or a portion of it. This condition occurs when the air sacs within the lung, called alveoli, deflate or do not fully expand with air. Atelectasis can affect either a small area of the lung or an entire lobe, leading to impaired breathing and a decrease in lung function.
There are different types of atelectasis, each with its own contributing factors. Obstructive atelectasis is typically caused by the blockage of airways, which can result from mucus plugs, tumors, or foreign objects. Compressive atelectasis occurs when external pressure, such as a pleural effusion or a large tumor, collapses the lung tissue. Adhesive atelectasis is the result of a lack of surfactant, a substance that helps keep the alveoli open, and is commonly seen in premature infants.
Symptoms of atelectasis may vary depending on the extent of lung collapse, but often include shortness of breath, rapid breathing, chest pain, and coughing. Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of physical examination, imaging techniques such as X-rays or CT scans, and pulmonary function tests.
Treatment for atelectasis aims to reinflate the lung and improve respiratory function. Methods may include deep breathing exercises, coughing techniques, suctioning to clear airway blockages, and the use of positive airway pressure devices. In severe cases, a bronchoscopy or surgery might be necessary to remove obstructions or address underlying conditions.
Overall, atelectasis is a lung condition characterized by the partial or complete deflation of the lung tissue, which can lead to various symptoms and impair lung function.
