Asiatic relapsing fever, also known as epidemic relapsing fever or louse-borne relapsing fever, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by the spirochete bacteria Borrelia recurrentis. This disease is primarily prevalent in subtropical and tropical regions, particularly in impoverished and crowded areas with inadequate sanitation and hygiene practices.
The mode of transmission of Asiatic relapsing fever is through the bite of infected lice, especially human body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis). The bacteria enter the bloodstream when the lice feed on an infected person. The name "relapsing fever" denotes its characteristic pattern of symptoms. Initially, patients experience a sudden onset of high fever, accompanied by headache, muscle pain, joint pain, and malaise. This acute febrile phase lasts for several days before subsiding. However, after a few days or weeks, the fever reappears, indicating a relapse. This cycle may repeat several times, leading to multiple episodes of fever and recovery.
If left untreated, Asiatic relapsing fever can lead to serious complications such as jaundice, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), meningitis, and renal failure. Diagnosis is usually confirmed through examining blood samples under a microscope to identify the spirochetes. Treatment involves the administration of antibiotics such as tetracycline, doxycycline, or erythromycin for a period of 7 to 10 days.
Preventing the spread of Asiatic relapsing fever requires effective control of lice infestations through improved sanitation, personal hygiene, and regular delousing measures. Additionally, targeted interventions such as mass screening, treatment, and health education programs can also help in reducing the incidence of this disease.
