Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) is an enzyme that plays a pivotal role in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, specifically serotonin and catecholamines, which include dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. This enzyme belongs to the group of decarboxylases and acts by catalyzing the removal of a carboxyl group (-COOH) from aromatic amino acids, such as tryptophan and tyrosine, resulting in the production of corresponding biogenic amines.
AADC is present in various tissues and cells throughout the body, including the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral organs. In the CNS, it is primarily located in specialized nerve cells called neurons, where it converts precursor molecules into neurotransmitters, which are essential for relaying signals between neurons. Consequently, AADC is involved in regulating numerous physiological processes, including mood, behavior, movement, and hormonal control.
Deficiency or dysfunction of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase can lead to disorders known as AADC deficiency or aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency (AADCD). These conditions are characterized by severely reduced or absent production of neurotransmitters, causing a wide range of neurological and developmental symptoms. Treatment for AADC deficiency typically involves supplements or replacement of the deficient neurotransmitters, allowing for symptomatic relief, although it may not address the underlying cause.
Overall, the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzyme is vital for the synthesis of neurotransmitters involved in various neurological functions, making it an essential component of the body's physiology.
