Antipodal cells are cells that are located at the opposite ends or poles of the embryo sac or female gametophyte in flowering plants. Typically, the embryo sac consists of three antipodal cells, which are situated opposite to the egg cell.
These cells play a crucial role in the development and ultimate success of double fertilization, a unique reproductive process in flowering plants. During double fertilization, one sperm cell fuses with the egg cell to form the zygote, which develops into the embryo, while the other sperm cell fuses with the two polar nuclei to form the endosperm, a nutrient-rich tissue that supports the developing embryo.
The antipodal cells are thought to participate in the regulation of this process, particularly in endosperm development. Although their exact function is not fully understood, it is believed that they contribute to the production and transportation of nutrients to the developing endosperm and embryo.
Furthermore, antipodal cells have been observed to have diverse morphological characteristics depending on the plant species, indicating potential variations in their role and function. Some studies suggest that they may be involved in embryo sac degeneration, possibly contributing to the programmed cell death that occurs after fertilization.
In summary, antipodal cells are specialized cells located at the opposite ends of the female gametophyte in flowering plants. They are key players in the process of double fertilization and likely contribute to the development and nourishment of the endosperm, an essential tissue for embryo growth and plant survival.
