Antigens:
Antigens are substances that are capable of eliciting an immune response in an organism. These substances can be either a foreign invader, such as a bacteria, virus, or parasite, or they can be molecules produced by the body itself, such as cancer cells or abnormal cells. Antigens stimulate the production of specific proteins, called antibodies, by the immune system as a means of defending the body against potential threats. The immune system recognizes antigens as foreign or abnormal based on unique molecular markers present on their surface, called epitopes.
Leukemia:
Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, where blood cells are produced. It is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal white blood cells. These abnormal cells crowd out the healthy blood cells, leading to a compromised immune system and impaired ability to deliver oxygen to tissues. Leukemia can be classified into different types based on the speed of progression and the type of blood cells affected, with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) being one of the most common forms seen primarily in children.
Common Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia:
Common acute lymphoblastic leukemia (cALL) refers to a specific subtype of ALL that occurs predominantly in children and adolescents. It is characterized by the rapid proliferation and accumulation of immature white blood cells, called lymphoblasts, in the bone marrow and blood. cALL is often associated with specific genetic abnormalities, such as abnormal gene fusions or chromosomal translocations, which play a role in its pathogenesis. Due to the abnormal proliferation of lymphoblasts, normal production of healthy blood cells is disrupted, leading to symptoms such as anemia, fatigue, easy bruising, and increased vulnerability to infections. The diagnosis and
