Anaphylactic reactions, or anaphylaxis, are severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reactions that occur rapidly after exposure to an allergen. These reactions can affect various systems of the body, including the skin, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and gastrointestinal system.
When a person with a previous exposure to an allergen encounters it again, their immune system overreacts and releases large amounts of histamine and other chemicals. This causes a widespread inflammation response throughout the body, leading to the symptoms of anaphylaxis.
Symptoms of anaphylactic reactions can vary but may include skin reactions such as hives, itching, and swelling, as well as respiratory symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, and throat tightness. Rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, lightheadedness, and gastrointestinal distress such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting can also occur.
Anaphylactic reactions require immediate medical attention, as they can quickly progress and cause a life-threatening condition. Treatment often involves the administration of epinephrine, which helps reverse the allergic response, along with other medications to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms.
Common causes of anaphylactic reactions include foods (such as peanuts, shellfish, and eggs), medications (such as penicillin and NSAIDs), insect stings, and latex. Individuals with a known history of anaphylaxis are often advised to carry an epinephrine autoinjector (such as an EpiPen) with them at all times, to be prepared in case of an emergency.
