Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare and chronic disorder that affects the adrenal glands, resulting in insufficient production of certain hormones, particularly cortisol and aldosterone. In this condition, the adrenal glands fail to produce enough hormones due to damage or dysfunction of the adrenal cortex, the outer layer of the glands.
The primary cause of Addison's disease is the autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the adrenal glands. Other causes may include infections, such as tuberculosis or HIV, certain cancers, surgical removal of the adrenal glands, or a genetic defect.
Symptoms of Addison's disease usually develop gradually and may include fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, muscle weakness, low blood pressure, darkening of the skin, and salt cravings. Individuals with this condition may also experience episodes of sudden worsening symptoms, known as adrenal crises, which can be life-threatening.
Diagnosis of Addison's disease involves a physical examination, medical history review, blood tests to assess hormone levels, and an ACTH stimulation test to evaluate how the adrenal glands respond to stimulation. Treatment typically involves lifelong hormonal replacement therapy to supplement the deficient hormones. This usually includes daily oral intake of glucocorticoids, such as hydrocortisone or prednisone, and possibly mineralocorticoids, such as fludrocortisone, to maintain hormone balance and prevent adrenal crises.
Proper management and medication adherence can usually allow individuals with Addison's disease to lead normal lives, but regular monitoring and medical follow-up are essential to adjust hormone dosages as needed and prevent complications.
