ACTION POTENTIAL Meaning and
Definition
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Action potential refers to the electrochemical signal that is responsible for the communication and transmission of information within and between neurons. It is a brief but significant change in the electrical potential of the cell membrane, which allows the neuron to transmit signals over long distances.
When a neuron is at rest, it maintains a negative charge inside the cell membrane compared to the outside. However, when a stimulus is received, such as from other neurons or sensory receptors, the cell membrane's potential rapidly changes. This abrupt alteration is known as an action potential.
The process of generating an action potential begins with a depolarization phase, in which the cell membrane's potential becomes more positive. This depolarization occurs when ion channels in the membrane open, allowing positively charged ions, such as sodium ions, to rapidly enter the neuron. This influx of positive charge triggers an electrical impulse that propagates down the neuron's axon, or the elongated fiber responsible for signal transmission.
After the depolarization phase, the cell membrane goes through a repolarization phase in which it restores its original electrical state. This occurs as the ion channels reset and close, while others open, allowing potassium ions to flow out of the neuron, effectively re-establishing the negative charge inside the cell.
Action potentials are essential for enabling rapid and precise signaling between neurons. They play a vital role in various neurological processes, including sensory perception, muscle contraction, and cognitive functions. The ability to understand the mechanisms behind action potentials has been pivotal in advancing our knowledge of the nervous system.
Common Misspellings for ACTION POTENTIAL
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Etymology of ACTION POTENTIAL
The word "action potential" is derived from two separate terms: "action" and "potential".
The term "action" comes from the Latin word "actio", which means "a doing" or "a performance". In the context of biology and physiology, "action" refers to a process or activity taking place in an organism.
The term "potential" originates from the Latin word "potentialis", which means "capable" or "possible". In the field of science, "potential" refers to the ability or capacity of something to develop, perform, or exhibit a certain effect.
Therefore, "action potential" is a concept in neuroscience that describes an electrical impulse or signal generated by excitable cells, such as neurons, when they are stimulated. The term signifies the capability of these cells to transmit signals or perform specific actions.
Similar spelling word for ACTION POTENTIAL
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